Astrocytoma

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Astrocytomas are a kind of cerebrum cancer. They start in a specific sort of glial cells, star-formed synapses in the frontal cortex called astrocytes. This kind of growth doesn't generally spread external the mind and spinal string and it doesn't as a rule influence different organs. Astrocytomas are the most well-known glioma and can happen in many pieces of the cerebrum and infrequently in the spinal cord.

When and Where COVID-19 (Corona-virus), was first discovered ?

Image Source-Goggle | Image by- | news-medical

The epidemic and outburst of Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was originally found in a sea-food market in Wuhan city in Hubei province of China in mid December 2019 and now outspread and extended to 215 countries/states/provinces/cities/small-towns/rural & urban areas of the World-Wide. It was first isolated from three people with pneumonia inter-connected and related to the groups of the acute respiratory illness, spread in Wuhan. All structured characteristics of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus particle found in related Coronaviruses in nature. It's known as ongoing pandemic since 2019.

The thousands of SARS-CoV-2 variants are clustered into either clades or lineages. The WHO (World Health Organization), in discussions with partners, expert networks, national authorities, institutions and researchers, have recognized nomenclature systems for naming and tracking SARS-CoV-2 genetic lineages by GISAID, Nextstrain and Pango.

Image Source-Google | Image by- | mdpi

The emigration of inhabitants of Wuhan led to additional confirmed cases and was associated with an increased morality rate throughout Hubei province. Human-to-Human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts were confirmed and spread through virus (small enough not to be seen with naked eyes) not with any bacteria or other micro-organisms. 

Prevention of Corona virus (COVID-19) Disease

"PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE"

Preventive measures to improve reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home, wearing a mask in public, avoiding over-crowded places, keeping distance from others, ventilating indoors places, managing potential exposure duration, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practicing good respiratory hygiene and avoiding touching eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.  

Those diagnosed with COVID-19 who believe they can be infected are advised by CDC to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a health care provider, wear a face mask, before entering the health care provider's office and when any room or vehicle with another person, cover cough and sneezes with the tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.   

The first COVID-19 vaccine granted regularly approval on 2nd December on UK medicines regulator MHRA. It was evaluated for emergency use authorization (EUA) status by US FDA, and in several other countries. Initially the US National institutes of health guidelines do not recommended any meditation for prevention of COVID-19, before or after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, outside a setting of clinic trial. Without a other prophylactic measures, or effective treatments, a key part of managing COVID-19 is trying to decrease and delay the epidemic peak known as "Flattening the curve". This can be done slowing the infection rate to decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed, allowing for better treatment of active cases and delaying additional cases until effective treatment or a vaccine become available.

....... in next article, we'll discuss a about vaccination of COVID-19... 😜 😜 😜

Transmission of Corona virus (COVID-19)

The COVID-19 disease is mainly transmitted via the airborne route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form a aerosol) that infected people when breath out as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze or sing. Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close. Infection can occur over longer distance, particularly indoors.

Infectivity begins as early as three days before symptoms appear and people are most infectious just prior to and during the onset of symptoms. It declines after a first week, but infected people remain contagious for up to 20 days. People can spread the disease even if they are asymptomatic.

Infectious particles range in size from aerosols that remain suspended in the air for long periods of time to larger droplets that remain airborne or fall to the ground. Various groups utilize terms such as "airborne" and "droplet" both in technical and general ways leading to confusion around terminology. Additionally, COVID-19 research has defined the traditional understandings of how respiratory viruses are transmitted. The largest droplets of respiratory fluids do not travel far and can be inhaled or land on mucous membranes on the eyes, nose, or mouth to infect. Aerosols are higher in concentration when people are in close proximity, which leads to easier viral transmission when people are physically close, but air borne transmission occur at longer distances, mainly in locations that are poorly ventilated; in those situations particles can remain suspended in the air for minutes to hour.

The number of people generally infected by one infected person varies; as only 10% - 20% people are responsible for the disease's spread. It often spreads in clusters, where infection can be tracked back to an index case or geographical location. Often in these instances, superspreading events occur where people are infected by one person. 

...... this is how transmission occurs ? & this is the end of topic..... 😜 😜 😜

How does the Corona virus (COVID-19) spread/caused ?

COVID-19 transmits when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles containing the virus. The risk of breathing these in is highest when people are in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur if splashed or sprayed with contaminated fluid in the eyes, nose or mouth and rarely via contaminated surfaces. Several testing methods or techniques have been developed to diagnose the disease. The standard diagnostic method is by detection of the virus by nucliec acid by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) transcription-meditated amplification (TMA), or by reverse transcription loop-meditated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) from a nesopharyngeal swap.

Preventive measures include physical and social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoors spaces, covering cough and sneezes, hand-washing and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. The use of face mask or coverings has been recommended in public settings to minimize the risk of transmission.

While working to underway to develop drugs that inhibit the virus (and several vaccines for it have been approved and distribution in various countries, which have since initiated mass vaccinations campaigns), the primary treatment is symptomatic. Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation and experimental measures.

.....this is how the corona virus spread & the end of this topic ..... 😜😜

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Pandemic disease

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is deadly epidemic disease spread by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-COV 2). It's mainland, engendered and implanted found in Wuhan, China, December 2019. This disease has since caused globally and internationally, leading to ongoing pandemic - it's about to 3rd wave come.

Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, but mainly include fewer, cough, headache, fatigue, breathing difficulties and loss of smell and taste. Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure of the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms. One who develop noticeable symptoms are enough to be classified as patient, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms while 14% develop severe symptoms (more than 50% lungs involvement on imaging & 5% suffered critical symptoms. Older people are higher risk of developing severe symptoms. Some people are continue to experience the range of affects for the months after recovery and to the organs are observed.  

THIRD WAVE - Spanich Flu

 Third wave of 1919 :

In January 1919, the third wave of Spanich Flu hit Australia, where it killed around 12,000 people following the lift of maritime quarantine, and then spread quickly through Europe and United States, where it lingered through the spring and until June IN 1919. It primarily affected Spain, Serbia, Mexico and Great Britain; resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. It was less severe than the second wave still much more deadly than the initial first wave. In United States, isolated outbreaks occurred in some cities including Los Angeles, New-York city, Memphis, Nashville, San-Francisco and St. Louis. Overall American morality rates were in the tens of thousands during the first six months of 1919's.

......in next article, we'll discuss regarding fourth wave of SPANICH FLU .. 😜 😜 😜

FIRST WAVE - Spanish Flu

The pandemic is conventionally marked as having begun on 4th march, 1918. The first wave of the Flu lasted from the first quarter of 1918 was relatively mild. Morality rates were not appreciably above normal; in the United States ~75,000 flu-related deaths were reported in the first six months of 1918 as compared to ~63,000 deaths during the same period in 1915. In Madrid, Spain fewer than 1,000 people died from influenza between May and June 1918. There were no reported quarantines during the first quarter of 1918. However the first wave spread a significant disruption in the military operation of World War 1, with three quarters of French troops, half the British forces, and over 9,00,000 German soldiers sick. 

.......we'll discuss 2nd wave of spanich Flu in next article

SPANISH FLU

In 1918, a pandemic which affected the people worldwide, a Spanish Flu, also known as the Great influenza epidemic or 1918 influenza pandemic, was exceptionally deadly life-threatening universally influenza pandemic caused by H1N1 influenza virus. The premature cases was found in France, Germany and United kingdom in April. After 2 years, approximately, two-third of population around 500 million world-wide infected, was infected in four successive waves.

Description of Spanish Flu :

Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill the young and old, with higher survival rates in between, but this pandemic had unusually high morality among young adults. The virus was particularly deadly coz it triggered a cytokine storm, ravaging the stronger immune system of young adults; although the virus infection was apparently no more aggressive than previously influenza strains. Malnourishment, over_crowded medical camps and hospitals, and poor hygiene, promoted bacterial superinfection, killing most of the victims after a typically prolonged death bed.

In 1918, Spanich Flu, was the first of three flu pandemics caused by H1N1 influenza A virus; the most recent one is COVID-19, Corona virus spread by virus. In 1977, the Russian Flu was also spread by H1N1 virus, but it mostly affected the younger population.

...... in next article, we'll continue with this topic... 😝 😜

BLACK DEATH

In human history, there have been number of pandemics of diseases such as small-pox; the most deadly, tragic and incurable pandemic experienced in history/ancient time, was the "Black death" (was known for plaque), which was killed 75-200 million people worldwide in 14th century. It was caused by the bacterium yersinia pesttis and may also caused by septicaemic or pneumonia plaques. 

It was the origination of the second plaque pandemic. The plaque spread social, religious and economic upheavals, with increasing and expanding influence on the course of European history. This pandemic originated either in Central-Asia or East-Asia, but it's first appearance was seen in Crimea in 1347; it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats on Genoese slave ships spreading through Mediterranean Basin reaching Africa, Western-Asia and the rest of Europe via.

The black death was the most great natural disaster to strike Europe during the late middle ages (the first was being the Great Famine of 1315-1317) and is estimated to have killed approximately 30 percent to 60 percent of European population. The plaque also might have reduced the World's population approximately 475 million to 350-375 million in the 14th century.

Description/Explanation of Black death/Plaque :

It was identified and sanctioned that an epidemiological account of plaque is as predominant as an recognization of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from the period. Archaeologist Barney Sloane argued that there is insufficient evidences and proofs of the extinction of numerous rats in the Archaeological records of the medieval waterfront in London and the disease spread too quickly to support the thesis that Y. Pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argued that transmission must have been from person to person.  This theory is reported by research in 2018 which suggested transmission was more likely by body lice and fleas during the second plaque pandemic.

SUMMARY :

With past experience & evidences, intellectual discussion and argumentation, no single evidences has achieved any solution; World-Wide accepted.

......At the end, Finally & Eventually, "Plaque is plaque." 😉 😜 😜