Classifications of Astrocytoma

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• Inside the astrocytomas, two expansive classes are perceived in writing, those with: 

• Restricted zones of invasion (generally noninvasive cancers; e.g., pilocytic astrocytoma, subependymal goliath cell astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma), that regularly are obviously laid out on indicative pictures 

• Diffuse zones of invasion (e.g., high-grade astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma), that share different highlights, remembering the capacity to emerge at any area for the focal sensory system, however with an inclination for the cerebral halves of the globe; they happen normally in grown-ups, and have a natural propensity to advance to further developed grades.

Chemotherapy of Malignanacy (Cancer)

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Chemotherapy is ordinarily utilized as either the essential treatment or related to other treatment structures like radiotherapy or medical procedure. It can be regulated through "infusion, intra-blood vessel (IA), intraperitoneal (IP), intrathecal (IT), intravenous (IV), effective or oral".

The motivation behind chemotherapy is to utilize cytotoxic specialists which kill quickly partitioning cells inside the body. It focuses on the cell instruments which permit the improvement of harm all through the body. There are no particular regions which are designated thus, there is an absence of separation among ordinary and dangerous cells, bringing about a scope of incidental effects. This incorporates bone marrow concealment, gastrointestinal issues and alopecia. Some secondary effects are explicit to the anticancer medication utilized, the most well-known being bone marrow concealment as bone marrow can isolate quickly because of high development fraction. This is on the grounds that anticancer medications have the most elevated action in high development portion tissues.

Post-Transplant Malignancy

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People who go through organ relocate a medical procedure have an expanded danger of creating threat in contrast with the general population. The most widely recognized type of harm being "nonmelanoma skin disease and, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders". The various sorts of harm created post-relocate rely upon which organ was transplanted. This is connected to beneficiaries being at a higher danger when presented to conventional danger factors just as, the sort and force of the activity, the span of their immunosuppression post-activity and, the danger of creating oncogenic viral infections.

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) - Cancer

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Leiomyosarcoma is a dangerous (malignant) smooth muscle growth. A harmless growth beginning from a similar tissue is named leiomyoma. While leiomyosarcomas are not idea to emerge from leiomyomas, some leiomyoma variations' order is developing.

Signs and Symptoms of Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)

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Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), can happen in practically any delicate tissue site in the body; the most well-known essential locales are genitourinary (24%), parameningeal (16%), furthest point (19%), circle (9%), other head and neck (10%), and incidental different destinations (22%). RMS regularly presents as a mass, however signs and indications can shift generally relying upon the site of the essential cancer. Genitourinary cancers might give hematuria, urinary parcel impediment, and additionally a scrotal or vaginal mass. Cancers that emerge in the retroperitoneum and mediastinum can turn out to be very enormous prior to creating signs and indications. Parameningeal cancers might give cranial nerve brokenness, manifestations of sinusitis, ear release, migraines, and facial agony. Orbital cancers frequently present with orbital enlarging and proptosis. Limit cancers by and large present as a quickly extending, firm mass in the applicable tissue. The malignancy's pervasiveness in the head, face, and neck will frequently take into consideration prior indications of the illness essentially because of the undeniable idea of growths in these locations. Despite the fluctuating show and normally forceful nature of the sickness, RMS can possibly be analyzed and treated early. The fourth IRSG investigation discovered that 23% of patients were analyzed on schedule for a total resection of their malignant growth, and 15% had resection with just insignificant remainders of the unhealthy cells.

Where does the Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) occur in your body ?

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), can happen in any delicate tissue site in the body, however is fundamentally found in the head, neck, circle, genitourinary parcel, private parts, and limits.

 

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There are no unmistakable danger factors, however the illness has been related with some inborn abnormalities. Signs and indications change as per growth site, and forecast is intently attached to the area of the essential cancer. Normal locales of metastasis incorporate the lungs, bone marrow, and bones. There are numerous grouping frameworks for RMS and an assortment of characterized histological sorts. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most widely recognized sort and involves around 60% of cases.

Treatment for COVID-19 (Corona-Virus)

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Subsequently, Vaccination is not a particularly and effective treatment or cure. In other words, Vaccination cannot considered to be a permanent solution for the pandemic COVID-19 (Corona-Virus). One - year into the pandemic, highly effective and beneficial vaccines have been introduced and are starting to slow the causes of SARS-CoV-2; however for those awaiting for vaccination, as well as for the estimated millions of immunocompromised persons who are unlikely to respond robustly to vaccination, treatment remain important. Thus, the lack of progress developing effective and beneficial treatments means that the cornerstone of management of COVID-19 has been supportive care, which includes treatment to relieve signs and symptoms, fluid therapy, oxygen support and prone positioning as required, and meditations or devices to support other adversely influenced vital organs.  

Most of the COVID-19 cases, are mild. In these situations, supportive and healthcare includes treatments and meditation such as paracetamol or NSAID's to relieve signs and symptoms of fever, body-aches, cough, proper intake of fluids, rest and nasal breathing.

"Good personal hygiene and healthy diet are also recommended."

Self-Isolation against COVID-19

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SELF-ISOLATION, can be defined as protecting ourselves by sitting at home. It has been recommended and suggested after observed, judged and diagnosed the symptoms of the pandemic - COVID-19 (Corona-Virus). Health agencies have also issued and suggested the elaborated list for proper and hygienic self-isolation. 

World-Wide's Government have made it mandatory self-quarantine, lock-down and social distancing for the whole population globally. The strongest and highly recommended instructions have been issued to those high-risk cluster. The person who is recently exposed to COVID-19 while traveling from one country to another on airport have been made mandatory and advised for self-quarantine for 14 days at least, coz of there are chances of wide-spread transmission and increasing of COVID-19 infected patients.

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Protection from COVID-19 (Corona-Virus) by HAND-WASHING & HYGIENCE

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Exhaustive and Accurate hand sanitation is necessarily required prior to any appetite habit, sleeping or any other regular intervals of work or after sneeze, cough, shopping and interaction with people.

The WHO (World Health Organization) also indicates and recommends World-Wide that people frequently wash their hands with soap and water at least 20 seconds, especially after bowel movements and when hands seem dirty. There is mandatory the utilization of Sanitizer in the absence of Soap and water.

In fact, CDC recommends utilizing the alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. In areas where hand sanitizer is unavailable carry pocket sanitizer, or the WHO provides two formulation for local production. In these formulations, the antimicrobial activity arises from ethanol or isopropanol. Hydrogen peroxide is utilized to help eliminate bacterial spores in the alcohol; it is "inactive substance for hands antisepsis." Glycerol is added as a humectant.

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Taking hot water steam if feeling symptoms same as COVID-19. If the person touches the rough surfaces, it may be possible to catch or deposit virus by eyes, nose or mouth where it can enter the body and cause or spread the infection.

When and Where COVID-19 (Corona-virus), was first discovered ?

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The epidemic and outburst of Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was originally found in a sea-food market in Wuhan city in Hubei province of China in mid December 2019 and now outspread and extended to 215 countries/states/provinces/cities/small-towns/rural & urban areas of the World-Wide. It was first isolated from three people with pneumonia inter-connected and related to the groups of the acute respiratory illness, spread in Wuhan. All structured characteristics of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus particle found in related Coronaviruses in nature. It's known as ongoing pandemic since 2019.

The thousands of SARS-CoV-2 variants are clustered into either clades or lineages. The WHO (World Health Organization), in discussions with partners, expert networks, national authorities, institutions and researchers, have recognized nomenclature systems for naming and tracking SARS-CoV-2 genetic lineages by GISAID, Nextstrain and Pango.

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The emigration of inhabitants of Wuhan led to additional confirmed cases and was associated with an increased morality rate throughout Hubei province. Human-to-Human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts were confirmed and spread through virus (small enough not to be seen with naked eyes) not with any bacteria or other micro-organisms. 

COVID-19 pandemic in India

The COVID-19 Pandemic in India is a part of global and widespread pandemic of corona virus disease (COVID-19) spread by severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 17th August 2021, as per data & records, India has second excessive and high-rise cases World-Wide, U.S. was the first one with approximately, 32.2 million reported cases of COVID-19 infection and the third enormous number of COVID-19 deaths. Brazil attains third position in the World after U.S., approximately 4,32,079 deaths. However, these reports indicated severe under-reporting.

The first case of COVID-19 in India were seen in South towns of Kerala on January 2020, with three medical students who had returned from Wuhan, China, the mainland and epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic. The government announced lock-down in Kerala on 23rd March and rest of the India on 25th March. On 10th June, India's rehabilitation exceeded active cases first time. Active cases started to drop in September along with the number of new and active cases. Regular cases peaked in mid-September with over 90,000 cases reported per day, Dropping to below 15,000 in January 2021. A second wave started in March 2021 was more devastating than the first, with the deficiency of medical treatment includes hospital beds, oxygen cylinders, ventilators, vaccines, and other medical supplies in all urban and rural areas of an India. By late April, India led the World by new and active cases. On 30th April, India became the first country to report 4,00,000 cases in a day. Scientists and researchers recommended that the Virus can reach an epidemic stage in India instead of completely recovered in  late April 2021.

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Avoiding crowded indoors spaces and ventilation in Corona virus (COVID-19)

The CDC recommends that crowded indoors spaces should be avoided. When indoors, increasing the rate of air change, decreasing recirculation of air and increasing the use of outdoor air can reduce transmission. The WHO recommends ventilation and air filtration in public spaces to help clear out infectious aerosols.

Exhaled respiratory particles can build-up with enclosed spaces with inadequate ventilation. The risk of  COVID-19 infection increases especially in spaces where people engaged in physical exertion and raise their voice. For example : Exercising, Singing & Shouting as this increases exhalation of respiratory droplets. Prolonged exposure to these conditions, typically more than 15 minutes, leads to higher risk of infection.

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Face mask and respiratory hygiene for Corona virus (COVID-19)

The WHO & US CDC recommend individuals wear non-medical face coverings in public settings where there is an increased risk of transmission and where social distancing measures are difficult to maintain. This recommendation is meant to reduce the spread of disease by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic and is complementary to established preventive measures such as social distancing.

Face coverings limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, breathing and coughing.

Masks are also strongly recommended for those who may have been and those taking care off someone who may have the disease. When not wearing the mask, the CDC recommends covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using inside of the elbow if no tissue is available. Proper hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is encouraged. Healthcare professionals interacting directly with people who have COVID-19 are advised to utilize respirators at least as protective as NIOSH-certified N95 or equivalent, in addition to other protective equipment.

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Vaccination of Corona Virus (COVID-19)

VACCINATION :

A COVID-19 Vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes the corona virus disease in 2019, (COVID-19). Prior to COVID-19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of coronaviruses causing disease like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) & Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). The COVID-19 are widely credited for their role in reducing the spread, severity, and death caused by COVID-19.

Many countries have implemented phased distribution that prioritize those of higher risk of complications such as the elderly, and those of higher risk of exposure and transmission, such as healthcare workers. Single doze interim use is under consideration to extend vaccination to as many people as possible until vaccine availability is improves.

As of 15th September 2021, 5.82 billion dozes of COVID-19 has been administrated World - Wide based on official reports from National Public Health Agencies. AstraZeneca anticipated producing 3 billion doses in 2021, Pfizer Bio-NTECH 1.3 billion doses and Sputnik V, Sinopharm, Sinovac and Janssen 1 billion doses each. Moderna target producing 600 million doses and Convidecia 500 million doses in 2021. By December 2020, more than 10 billion vaccine doses had been preordered by countries, with about half of the doses purchased by high-income countries  comprising 14% of World's population.

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Prevention of Corona virus (COVID-19) Disease

"PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE"

Preventive measures to improve reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home, wearing a mask in public, avoiding over-crowded places, keeping distance from others, ventilating indoors places, managing potential exposure duration, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practicing good respiratory hygiene and avoiding touching eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.  

Those diagnosed with COVID-19 who believe they can be infected are advised by CDC to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a health care provider, wear a face mask, before entering the health care provider's office and when any room or vehicle with another person, cover cough and sneezes with the tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.   

The first COVID-19 vaccine granted regularly approval on 2nd December on UK medicines regulator MHRA. It was evaluated for emergency use authorization (EUA) status by US FDA, and in several other countries. Initially the US National institutes of health guidelines do not recommended any meditation for prevention of COVID-19, before or after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, outside a setting of clinic trial. Without a other prophylactic measures, or effective treatments, a key part of managing COVID-19 is trying to decrease and delay the epidemic peak known as "Flattening the curve". This can be done slowing the infection rate to decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed, allowing for better treatment of active cases and delaying additional cases until effective treatment or a vaccine become available.

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Viral-Testing for Corona Virus (COVID-19)

The standard methods of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 are nucleic acid test, which detects the presence of virus RNA fragments. As these tests detects RNA but not infectious virus, it's "ability to determine the duration of infectivity of patients is limited. The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum samples may also be used. Results are generally available in hours. The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.

Several laboratories and companies have developed serological tests which detect antibodies produced  by the body in response to infection. Several have been evaluated by Public Health England and approved for the utilization in UK.

On 7th September, UK government issued "guidance for procedures to be implemented in laboratories to provide assurance of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA results during period of low prevalence, when there is a reduction in the predictive value of positive tests results. 

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Transmission of Corona virus (COVID-19)

The COVID-19 disease is mainly transmitted via the airborne route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form a aerosol) that infected people when breath out as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze or sing. Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close. Infection can occur over longer distance, particularly indoors.

Infectivity begins as early as three days before symptoms appear and people are most infectious just prior to and during the onset of symptoms. It declines after a first week, but infected people remain contagious for up to 20 days. People can spread the disease even if they are asymptomatic.

Infectious particles range in size from aerosols that remain suspended in the air for long periods of time to larger droplets that remain airborne or fall to the ground. Various groups utilize terms such as "airborne" and "droplet" both in technical and general ways leading to confusion around terminology. Additionally, COVID-19 research has defined the traditional understandings of how respiratory viruses are transmitted. The largest droplets of respiratory fluids do not travel far and can be inhaled or land on mucous membranes on the eyes, nose, or mouth to infect. Aerosols are higher in concentration when people are in close proximity, which leads to easier viral transmission when people are physically close, but air borne transmission occur at longer distances, mainly in locations that are poorly ventilated; in those situations particles can remain suspended in the air for minutes to hour.

The number of people generally infected by one infected person varies; as only 10% - 20% people are responsible for the disease's spread. It often spreads in clusters, where infection can be tracked back to an index case or geographical location. Often in these instances, superspreading events occur where people are infected by one person. 

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Signs and symptoms of COVID-19

Symptoms of Corona virus (COVID-19) are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Common symptoms include headache, loss of smell and taste, nasal congestion and runny nose, cough, muscle pain, sore throat, fewer, diarrhea and breathing difficulties. People with same infection may have different symptoms and their symptoms change over time. The common clusters of symptoms have been identified : One respiratory system cluster with cough, sputum, shortness of breath and fever, a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain; headache and fatigue; and a cluster of digestive systems and abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. In people without prior ear, nose and throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell is associated with COVID-19.

Most people recover from acute phase of disease. However, some people - over half of cohort of home-isolated with young patients - continue to experience a range of effects such as fatigue after a month of recovery, a condition called long COVID, long-term damage to organs have been observed. Multi-year are underway to further investigate the long-term effects of the disease.

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How does the Corona virus (COVID-19) spread/caused ?

COVID-19 transmits when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles containing the virus. The risk of breathing these in is highest when people are in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur if splashed or sprayed with contaminated fluid in the eyes, nose or mouth and rarely via contaminated surfaces. Several testing methods or techniques have been developed to diagnose the disease. The standard diagnostic method is by detection of the virus by nucliec acid by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) transcription-meditated amplification (TMA), or by reverse transcription loop-meditated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) from a nesopharyngeal swap.

Preventive measures include physical and social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoors spaces, covering cough and sneezes, hand-washing and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. The use of face mask or coverings has been recommended in public settings to minimize the risk of transmission.

While working to underway to develop drugs that inhibit the virus (and several vaccines for it have been approved and distribution in various countries, which have since initiated mass vaccinations campaigns), the primary treatment is symptomatic. Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation and experimental measures.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Pandemic disease

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is deadly epidemic disease spread by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-COV 2). It's mainland, engendered and implanted found in Wuhan, China, December 2019. This disease has since caused globally and internationally, leading to ongoing pandemic - it's about to 3rd wave come.

Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, but mainly include fewer, cough, headache, fatigue, breathing difficulties and loss of smell and taste. Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure of the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms. One who develop noticeable symptoms are enough to be classified as patient, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms while 14% develop severe symptoms (more than 50% lungs involvement on imaging & 5% suffered critical symptoms. Older people are higher risk of developing severe symptoms. Some people are continue to experience the range of affects for the months after recovery and to the organs are observed.